法律英语 如何翻译 法律(2)

来源：500PX作者：Cristian Mejía
1、Law
“The written and unwritten body of rules largely derived from custom and formal enactment which recognized as binding among those persons who continue a community or state, so that they will be imposed upon and enforced among those persons by appropriate sanctions”. ‘The body of rules and guidelines within which society requires its judges to administer justice’: per Lord Scarman in Duport Steels Ltd v Sirs[1980] ICR161.
从广义而言，law与汉语的 “法”、“律”、“法律”甚至“规则”、“规范”相对应，是一切规范性文件的总称。所以，“bill”, “act”, “statute”, “code”等都可以统称为“law”，甚至法院的判例、公认的法律原则也可以称为“law”。比如两大法系：普通法系（The Common Law）和民法法系（The Civil Law）; 美国的六大部门法：宪法（Constitutional Law）、合同法（Contract Law）、侵权法（Tort Law）、 财产法（Property Law）、证据法（Evidence Law）、刑法（Criminal Law）; 以及衡平法（Law of Equity）、国际法（International Law）、公法（Public Law）、私法（Private Law）、版权法（Law of Copyright）等都是使用的 “law”。
2、Bill
Bill in Parliament.A draft Act which is discussed by Parliament and is known as an Act when it has received the Royal Assent. It maybe private (e.g., referring to a particular person or town) or public (relating to the whole country) or beyond.A bill may be introduced into parliament without formal government backing; this is known as a private member’s bill.
由此可知， “bill” 的含义是“议案、提案、法案”。议案通常由议会或政府部长提出（may be first introduced in any chamber），但是，根据宪法公约或法律，必须引进某些具体的立法，比如：征税法案。议案一经议会通过即成为法律、条例；议案也可以由个人提出 (introduced into parliament without formal government backing), 一般多涉及个人、公司或市、区的利益。法案一经提出，就必须经过许多环节才能成为法律。从理论上讲，对提出的议案要进行详细的辩论，并对原法案的修正案进行介绍、辩论并同意。例如：Bill of Right，权利法案（1689的英国临时议会制定法）； Bill of human Right，（美）人权法案，（1791年美国国会对美国宪法第一至第十修正案）。